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Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials

Received: 24 April 2014     Accepted: 29 May 2014     Published: 20 July 2014
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Abstract

The search for alternative low cost and environment friendly binder has led to the screening of Nigerian kaolinite clay for the production of geopolymer binders. Three batches of geopolymer binders were synthesised using five Nigerian kaolinite clays, locally synthesised sodium silicate and NaOH. The clays were Ikere Ekiti (Ekiti State) kaolin, Ikare (Ondo State) kaolin, fired clay (Ozubulu, Imo state), Enugu (Enugu state) kaolin, and laterite (Lagos State).The first batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to one. The second batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to half and the last batch was activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide in ratio one to one. Six mixes for each sample were prepared for the first and second batches of geopolymer binder. They were cured at room temperature for seven days, 75oC, 150oC and 500oC. The last batch of the geopolymer binder was cured at 150oC. The result of the research confirmed that compressive strength of kaolinite clay based geopolymer binder increased with increase in curing time from 7 days room temperature to 500oC. All geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide demonstrated sharp increase in their compressive strength values when compare with geopolymer activated with sodium silicate and water. Comparing the geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and NaOH in ratio one to one with ASTM Specification Standard, Ikare sample satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62 and C90. Similarly, Ikere Ekiti geopolymer satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62, C90, C216, and C902. Water absorption test performed showed that all the samples have good water absorption capacity at different conditions when compared with ASTM Specification Standard for water absorption, except Enugu kaolin and Ozubulu clay which did not satisfied the ASTM requirements at room temperature and at 75oC. Nigerian kaolinite clays have potentials to be used as geopolymer binders which may be applied in construction.

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 3, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16
Page(s) 134-138
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Geopolymer, Kaolin, Compressive Strength, Water Absorption

References
[1] Tradeland news (www.tradeland.es)
[2] M. D. Olawale. 2013. Syntheses, Characterization and Binding Strength of Geopolymers: A Review. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications 2(6): 185-193.
[3] V. D. Glukhovsky 1967. Soil Silicate Articles and Structures, Budivelnyk Publisher, Kiev, 156.
[4] J. Davidovits 1984. Synthetic Mineral Polymer Compound of the Silicoaluminates, Family and Preparation.Process, US Patent 4472199.
[5] D. Roy 1999. Alkali-activated cements opportunities and challenges. Cement Concrete Resources 29: 249–54.
[6] R. Sathia, K.G. Babu and M. Santhanam, “Durability study of low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete”, The 3rd ACF International Conference –ACF/VCA, 2008.
[7] T. Bakharev. 2006. Thermal behaviour of geopolymers prepared using class F fly ash and elevated temperature curing. Cement Concrete Resources 36: 1134-1147.
[8] S. Thokchom, P. Ghosh and S. Ghosh. 2010. Performance of Flyash Based Geopolymer Mortars in Sulphate Solution. Journal of Engineering and Technology Research. 3,1:36-40.
[9] Q. Mohsen and N. Y. Mostafa 2010. Investigating the possibility of utilizing low kaolinitic clays in production of geopolymer bricks. Ceramics – Silikáty 54. 2: 160-168.
[10] Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut (NEN) 2005. Flexible sheets for waterproofing - Waterproofing of concrete bridge decks and other concrete surfaces trafficable by vehicles - Determination of water absorption. ICS 91.100: 50
[11] R. Cioffi, L. Maffucci and L. Santoro. 2003. Optimization of geopolymer synthesis by calcinations and polycondensation of a kaolinitic residue Resources. Conservation and Recycling, 40:27–38.
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  • APA Style

    Olawale, Margaret Damilola, Ogundiran, Mary B. (2014). Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3(3), 134-138. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16

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    ACS Style

    Olawale; Margaret Damilola; Ogundiran; Mary B. Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2014, 3(3), 134-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16

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    AMA Style

    Olawale, Margaret Damilola, Ogundiran, Mary B. Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials. Am J Appl Chem. 2014;3(3):134-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16,
      author = {Olawale and Margaret Damilola and Ogundiran and Mary B.},
      title = {Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials},
      journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
      volume = {3},
      number = {3},
      pages = {134-138},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20150303.16},
      abstract = {The search for alternative low cost and environment friendly binder has led to the screening of Nigerian kaolinite clay for the production of geopolymer binders. Three batches of geopolymer binders were synthesised using five Nigerian kaolinite clays, locally synthesised sodium silicate and NaOH. The clays were Ikere Ekiti (Ekiti State) kaolin, Ikare (Ondo State) kaolin, fired clay (Ozubulu, Imo state), Enugu (Enugu state) kaolin, and laterite (Lagos State).The first batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to one. The second batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to half and the last batch was activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide in ratio one to one. Six mixes for each sample were prepared for the first and second batches of geopolymer binder. They were cured at room temperature for seven days, 75oC, 150oC and 500oC. The last batch of the geopolymer binder was cured at 150oC. The result of the research confirmed that compressive strength of kaolinite clay based geopolymer binder increased with increase in curing time from 7 days room temperature to 500oC. All geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide demonstrated sharp increase in their compressive strength values when compare with geopolymer activated with sodium silicate and water. Comparing the geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and NaOH in ratio one to one with ASTM Specification Standard, Ikare sample satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62 and C90. Similarly, Ikere Ekiti geopolymer satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62, C90, C216, and C902. Water absorption test performed showed that all the samples have good water absorption capacity at different conditions when compared with ASTM Specification Standard for water absorption, except Enugu kaolin and Ozubulu clay which did not satisfied the ASTM requirements at room temperature and at 75oC. Nigerian kaolinite clays have potentials to be used as geopolymer binders which may be applied in construction.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials
    AU  - Olawale
    AU  - Margaret Damilola
    AU  - Ogundiran
    AU  - Mary B.
    Y1  - 2014/07/20
    PY  - 2014
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16
    T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
    SP  - 134
    EP  - 138
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8745
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16
    AB  - The search for alternative low cost and environment friendly binder has led to the screening of Nigerian kaolinite clay for the production of geopolymer binders. Three batches of geopolymer binders were synthesised using five Nigerian kaolinite clays, locally synthesised sodium silicate and NaOH. The clays were Ikere Ekiti (Ekiti State) kaolin, Ikare (Ondo State) kaolin, fired clay (Ozubulu, Imo state), Enugu (Enugu state) kaolin, and laterite (Lagos State).The first batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to one. The second batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to half and the last batch was activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide in ratio one to one. Six mixes for each sample were prepared for the first and second batches of geopolymer binder. They were cured at room temperature for seven days, 75oC, 150oC and 500oC. The last batch of the geopolymer binder was cured at 150oC. The result of the research confirmed that compressive strength of kaolinite clay based geopolymer binder increased with increase in curing time from 7 days room temperature to 500oC. All geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide demonstrated sharp increase in their compressive strength values when compare with geopolymer activated with sodium silicate and water. Comparing the geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and NaOH in ratio one to one with ASTM Specification Standard, Ikare sample satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62 and C90. Similarly, Ikere Ekiti geopolymer satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62, C90, C216, and C902. Water absorption test performed showed that all the samples have good water absorption capacity at different conditions when compared with ASTM Specification Standard for water absorption, except Enugu kaolin and Ozubulu clay which did not satisfied the ASTM requirements at room temperature and at 75oC. Nigerian kaolinite clays have potentials to be used as geopolymer binders which may be applied in construction.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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